- INTRODUCTION
Translation is the process of translating words or text from one
language into another[1].
In this case, there is changing process from one language to another language
or foreign language without leaving the points and messages of origin language.
In addition, the translators redeliver the text in another language. Then, it
is not only the changing the words to another language but also translators do
new communication from the result of communication that there has been already
in textual part. Besides, it should give attention in social aspects when the
new text will be read and communicated. In this communication activity, the
translators try to build “the meaning bridge” between the producer of text and
the readers of text[2].
Therefore, translation is the replacement textual material in one language by
equivalent textual material in another language.
In the other care, translator is a person who translates from one
language into another, especially as a profession[3].
If we talk about translators, we can find several kinds of translators that
will open our insight. Actually, some of translators said that they don’t
choose this profession as their job in realize. This profession is inside of
the other jobs such as job in department or firm. Then, we can classify the
translators into 3 groups[4].
These are translators that work in the factory, part time translators and free
translators.
These are the explanation of each kind of translators that has
distinctions in the background, work and system. The first is translators that
work in the factory. This translator is the part of translation institution
that the real job of this person is in translation field. These translators
have good preparation in education and experience to have a job in translation
field. The second is part time translators. This translator is the kind of
translators that have other job as the priority in their life. Besides, in free
time when they don’t work, they will do translation. This case, the translators
could consider that translation is as their hobby or as the member of
translation institution. The translators don’t have special background
education in translation field although the salary as translators will be
higher than their priority job. The third is free translator. This translator is
the kind of second translators that realize their life will be better in
translation field. In addition, they will choose translator as the profession
and build translation institution. It is like the kind of moving the job that
has many difference sides between the previous professions into translator
profession. According to these explanations, we know that translator is the
important part of translation process and it cannot be left from the successful
of translation process itself.
In addition, the translation process, through the collection and
analysis of data obtained from experimental studies of the mental processes at
work in translation, and the competences and abilities required. It should
provide the good capability of the translators to have the result of
translation as the wish. Accordingly, we are going to discuss about how to be a
good translators based on some references in the book, journal and sources.
Hopefully, this paper will help us as the students of university to translate
the text in appropriate way without carrying in the mistake. Then, this paper
can be useful for the readers and writer.
- DISCUSSION
According to hermeneutics, every translator is a finite, historical
being with a history he can never get rid of. As a human being living in
society, he has various connections with the social and historical context. He
cannot avoid explaining the language, culture, society and history of foreign
countries from his own cultural background, no matter how strong critical
consciousness he has, he cannot completely deviate from the restrictions of his
unconsciousness (Zhang, 2002).
A translator at his work is guided by horizons of expectations from
three sides: the original author’s horizons, his own horizons and the implied
readers‟ aesthetic expectations. Ideal translation should be the successful
dialogic process and result between the horizons of these three entities. In
translation, “the translator stands at the centre of this dynamic process of
communication, as a mediator between the producer of SL text and whoever are
its target language receivers. The translator is first and foremost a mediator
between two parties for whom mutual communication might otherwise be
problematic” (Hatim & Mason, 1990: 223). Therefore, we cannot ignore the
translator’s mediator status, firstly as the reader of SL text and secondly as
the producer of target language text. These two identities determine that a
translator mainly has two jobs: firstly reading, then interpretation. Through
him, the mediator, two different languages and cultural norms negotiate. The
translation, virtually, should include the negotiation activity and process,
not merely is a product which aims at conveying the meaning of an original
message of source language text to readers across language and culture (Xu,
2004). The translator’s mental conception of the source language text is
important for his production of target language text.
A Translator with different knowledge structure, psychology
structure, properties, aesthetic values and appreciation tendency, namely his
horizons are rather changeful and full of subjectivities. It is evident that he
will be actively involved in the translation process, but not passively making
copies of the original work. He is easily influenced by his respective horizons
and thereby holds different translation purposes or strategies. “The
interpretation of the source language text is one of the linguistic activities
which are not only the means to manifest oneself and the reflection of one’s
own specific view of the world, but also the reflection of one’s mental
activities” (Tu， 1996: 587). As a mental activity, a translator’s interpretation of
the source language text of course bears great subjective features which are
usually influenced by his horizons.
To being good translators, they should learn about the technique of
translation. Technical translation is primarily distinguished from other forms
of translation by terminology, although terminology usually only makes up about
5-10% of a text[5]. The
central difficulty in technical translation is usually the new terminology.
Even then, the main problem is likely to be that of some technical neologisms
in the source language which are relatively context-free, and appear only once.
A further problem is the distinction between technical and descriptive terms.
The original source language writer may use a descriptive term for a technical
object for three reasons:
1.
The
object is new, and has not yet got a name;
2.
The
descriptive term is being used as a familiar alternative, to avoid repetition;
3.
The
descriptive term is being used to make a contrast with another one.
Normally,
the translator should translate technical and descriptive terms by their
counterparts and, in particular, resist the temptation of translating a
descriptive by a technical term for the purpose of showing off your knowledge,
thereby sacrificing the linguistic force of the source language descriptive
term.
As the good translators, they should know the best method that can
support their job. It happens because method is the basic part of translation
that should be known by translators to have successful translation project.
Furthermore, here are the methods of translation[6]:
1.
Word
for word translation
It is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the
target language immediately below the source language words. The source
language word order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most
common meaning, out of context.
2.
Literal
translation
The source language grammatical constructions are converted to
their nearest target language equivalents but the lexical words are again
translated singly, out of context.
3.
Faithful
translation
A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual
meaning of the original within the constraints of the target language
grammatical structures.
4.
Semantic
translation
Semantic translation differs from faithful translation only in as
far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value. Then, this method will
take more attention in grammatical side of the translation.
5.
Adaptation
It is used mainly for plays such as comedies and poetry because it
is the freest form of translation method.
6.
Free
translation
It reproduces the matter without the manner or the content without
the form of the original.
7.
Idiomatic
translation
It reproduces the message of the original but tends to distort
nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these don’t
exist in the original.
8.
Communicative
translation
It attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original
in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible
to the readership.
Furthermore,
the good translators should know well about the theories and materials that
support the process of translating. In this part, we will show three kinds of
theories and materials that are important in the process of translation.
1.
Equivalence
at word level
It is discussed translation problems arising from lack of
equivalence at word level. In this material, the process of translation should
base on the origin word and the structure of the word itself. After that, it
can be combined by the meaning to deliver the message of the words text in
equivalent way. Here, discussing the problems arising from non-equivalence at
word level and explored a number of attested strategies for dealing with such
problems.
2.
Equivalence
above word level
It is discussed about the when words start combining with other
words to stretches of language. The example is when the words change the form
as collocation, idiom and fixed expression. In this case, there will be
difference in the process of translation because the translators cannot
translate the text freely with the origin words. Besides, it has implicit
meaning in these words that should be understood well.
3.
Grammatical
equivalence
It is discussed about the structure of the sentence that can
influence the translation result also. It happens because grammar is the set of
rules which determine the way in which units such as words and phrases can be
combined in a language and the kind of information which has to be made
regularly explicit in utterances. This grammar process is influenced by some
aspects, those are number, gender, person, tenses and aspect and voice.
In
addition, the good translators should know about the characteristics to be
professional translations. Based on this information, the translators can
survive and improve their skill and capability here after. These are the
characteristics to be a professional translator:
1.
Get
certified
It means that people who want to know how to become a translator is
to get some sort of accreditation or certification. Having credentials provides
documentation that you have the skills required to translate or interpret
professionally.
2.
Get
tested
It means that take language proficiency tests such as the Defense
Language Proficiency Test (DLPT) or other language proficiency tests to show
potential clients that you are indeed fluent in your specific language.
3.
Gain
experience
It means that translation process will give advantages such as good
experience to the translators. It happens because the translators will always get
the information and knowledge from the text or project that they do.
4.
Market
yourself
It means that we should show our capability by marketing ourselves
to law firms, police stations, hospitals, government agencies, and language
agencies that may need translators or interpreters in your area
5.
Keeping
learning
It means that as the good translators, we should keep learning and
it can progress as a translator / interpreter, there are other areas to
consider as well.
- CONCLUSION
In conclusion, we know that being a good translator should have
some criteria and characteristics that have been explained in the discussion
part of this paper. By having these, the translators can apply their capability
and skill in appropriate way. In addition, it can produce the best result of
translation that they do. It can be the good way to share the idea from the
author to the readers.
- REFERENCES
Hiram. 2008. 5 Steps to Becoming a Professional Translator. Retrieved December 14, 2016, from https://www.altalang.com/beyond-words/2008/05/09/5-steps-to-becoming-a-translator/
Grup PACTE - Procés d'Adquisició de la Competència Traductora i
Avaluació. 2016. Retrieved December 14, 2016,
from http://grupsderecerca.uab.cat/pacte/en/content/translation-competence-and-acquisition-translation-competence
White, M. D &
Matteson, M. 2008. Beyond dictionaries Understanding information
behavior of professional translators. Journal of Documentation, 64(4):
576-601.
Zhang, J. 2013.
Translator’s Horizon of Expectations and the Inevitability of Retranslation
of Literary Works. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 3(8): 1412-1416.
Newmark, P. 1988. A
Textbook of Translation. Great Britain: Wheaton & Co. Ltd, Kxeter.
Machali, R. 2009. Pedoman
bagi Penerjemah. Bandung: PT. Mizan Pustaka.
English Oxford Living
Dictionaries.
Baker, M. 1992. In
Other Words. London: Routledge.
[1]
English Oxford Living Dictionaries.
[2]
Machali, R. 2009. Pedoman bagi Penerjemah. Bandung: PT. Mizan Pustaka,
page. 26-27
[3] English
Oxford Living Dictionaries.
[4] Machali,
R. 2009. Pedoman bagi Penerjemah. Bandung: PT. Mizan Pustaka, page.
21-25
[5] Newmark,
P. 1988. A Textbook of Translation. Great Britain: Wheaton & Co. Ltd,
Kxeter, page 151- 155
[6]
Newmark, P. 1988. A Textbook of Translation. Great Britain: Wheaton
& Co. Ltd, Kxeter, page 45-47
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