Morphology (02) : Morphological Operation and Process

v  Derivational and Inflectional Morpheme

v  Derivational morpheme

ü  Is an affix forms a word with different category from the base.

ü  A bound morpheme such as –ish  used to make new words or words of a different grammatical category, it is contrast to inflexional morpheme.

Example:

v  Inflexional morpheme

ü  Is an affixes don’t change the category.

ü  A bound morpheme used to indicate the grammatical function of a word, also called an “infection”.

Example:

v  Internal change

ü  Morphology is not always concatenative.

ü  Change in a language that is not caused by outside influence, in contras to external change.

Example:

v  Suppletion

ü  Completely change the morpheme.

Example:

PRESENT	PAST
I am	I was
I go	I went

v  Reduplication

ü  Repeat all, or part of the base

Example in English: so-so, teeny-weeny, itsy-bitsy

v  Stress

ü  Give extra force to a word or syllable when saying it.

Example:  

NOUN	VERB
‘Record	Re’cord
‘Project	Pro’ject

v  Morphological Operation

v  The Type

1.      Concatenative

·         Prefixation

Example: miss – leads.

·         Infixation

Example: kanga – bloody – roo

·         Suffixation

Example: Kind – ly, walk – s

·         Circumfixation

Example: ge – leg – t

2.      Non- Concatenative Operations

·         Vocalic changes

Example: ablaut = drink / drank

·         Tonal changes

Example:

·         Stress change

Example:

·         Further operation

ü  Reduplication

Example: honky – tonky

ü  Suppletion is the morphological operation that expresses no systematic similarly to clear the form.

Example: be, is, am

                      Go, went

v  Morphological Processes

ü  Is defining different type of word.

Ø  Type of Morphological Processes

1.      Inflection

ü  Change in the form of a word to show a past tense, plural, etc.

ü  The relationship between word forms of a lexeme; a part of morphology that is characterized by relatively abstract morphological meanings, semantic regularity, almost unlimited applicability, etc.

ü  1 base + 1 operation

 

There are 2 types of inflection:

a.       Declension is an inflection class of a noun, noun inflection in general.

Example: mouse > mice

b.      Conjugation is an inflection class of a verb, verb inflection in general.

Example:         walk # ed

                   Go <  went

2.      Word Formation

There are two categorizes of word formation:

a.       Derivational

ü  Is the relationship between lexemes of a word family; a part of morphology that is characterized by relatively concrete morphological meanings, potential semantic irregularity, restrictions on applicability, etc.

ü  1 base and 1 operation.

Example:         act # ive

                   Destroy < destrict  # ion

b.      Compounding

ü  The formation of compounds (a complex lexeme that is made up of more than one lexeme stem).

ü  The process of combining two or more words to form a new word.

ü  1 base (lexeme ) + n base.

Example:         bath # room

 

                  

Bathroom # towel

 

Bathroom towel # designer

	Inflectional	Derivational
Productivity	-ed	-ize
Word-Class	Take > taken = verb	Standard(noun) – ize(verb)
Stress Pattern	Take > taking	Standard – ize – action.
Meaning	-ed = Verb = Past	-ion = commission