Morphology (03) : Morphological Alteration

ü  Alternation is the differences in pronunciation between two or more phonological allomorphs.

ü  Allomorph is one of a closely related set of morphs.

ü  Morph is an actual form used as part of a word, representing one version of a morpheme.

ü  Morphological Alteration an alternation that is at least partly morphologically or lexically conditioned.

ü  Example:

ü  Type of allomorph

1.      Phonological allomorph                < ed > = < -d, -t, td>

2.      Weak suppletion                          < ... æ... > = /... ɔ... /

3.      Strong suppletion                         < go > = < went >

ü  Conditioning

ü  Phonological conditioning

Example: cat = cats                     : t # s

                 dog = dogs                  : g # z

                 horse = horses : s # _IZ

ü  Morphological conditioning

ü  Lexical conditioning

ü  Morphological alteration

Morphology - Compounding

ü  Compounding is the process of combining two or more words to form a new word.

ü  Headedness

Example:              school + boy

                       Mod       H

NB:          Category = noun

                 Gender = human / anime

                 Case = gen

                             Mother - in – law

                       H            Mod

ü  Endocentric compounds

Example:              school – boy         = BOY

                                      H

                       Boy’s – school     = SCHOOL

                                      H

ü  Exocentric compounds

Example:           red skin                = lexicon

                       Pick pocket

ü  Spelling

1.      Solid/ closed form

Example:        housewife, keyboard

2.      Hyphenated form

Example:        word class, mother-in-law

3.      Open/spaced form

Example:        distance learning

Morphology – Derivation

ü  Derivation is the process of forming new word by adding affixes.

ü  Affix is a morpheme that must attach to a base and cannot occur by itself, usually a short morpheme with an abstract meaning.

ü  Affixation is the operation of stringing together a base and an affix.

ü  Affixation

1.      Position

Example:                    mis # lead , standard # ize

2.      Meaning

Example:                    un # happy , im # possible

3.      Phonology

Example:                    generat # ion , nation # al

ü  Prefix is an affix that precedes the base.

1.      Phonology

Example:                    un # usual

                            Dis # allow

2.      Syntax

Example;                    be # wild

                            En # able

ü  Suffixes

1.      Phonology

Example:                    help # ful

2.      Syntax

Example:                    punish # ment

                                V         N

Morphology (02) : Morphological Operation and Process

v  Derivational and Inflectional Morpheme

v  Derivational morpheme

ü  Is an affix forms a word with different category from the base.

ü  A bound morpheme such as –ish  used to make new words or words of a different grammatical category, it is contrast to inflexional morpheme.

Example:

v  Inflexional morpheme

ü  Is an affixes don’t change the category.

ü  A bound morpheme used to indicate the grammatical function of a word, also called an “infection”.

Example:

v  Internal change

ü  Morphology is not always concatenative.

ü  Change in a language that is not caused by outside influence, in contras to external change.

Example:

v  Suppletion

ü  Completely change the morpheme.

Example:

PRESENT	PAST
I am	I was
I go	I went

v  Reduplication

ü  Repeat all, or part of the base

Example in English: so-so, teeny-weeny, itsy-bitsy

v  Stress

ü  Give extra force to a word or syllable when saying it.

Example:  

NOUN	VERB
‘Record	Re’cord
‘Project	Pro’ject

v  Morphological Operation

v  The Type

1.      Concatenative

·         Prefixation

Example: miss – leads.

·         Infixation

Example: kanga – bloody – roo

·         Suffixation

Example: Kind – ly, walk – s

·         Circumfixation

Example: ge – leg – t

2.      Non- Concatenative Operations

·         Vocalic changes

Example: ablaut = drink / drank

·         Tonal changes

Example:

·         Stress change

Example:

·         Further operation

ü  Reduplication

Example: honky – tonky

ü  Suppletion is the morphological operation that expresses no systematic similarly to clear the form.

Example: be, is, am

                      Go, went

v  Morphological Processes

ü  Is defining different type of word.

Ø  Type of Morphological Processes

1.      Inflection

ü  Change in the form of a word to show a past tense, plural, etc.

ü  The relationship between word forms of a lexeme; a part of morphology that is characterized by relatively abstract morphological meanings, semantic regularity, almost unlimited applicability, etc.

ü  1 base + 1 operation

 

There are 2 types of inflection:

a.       Declension is an inflection class of a noun, noun inflection in general.

Example: mouse > mice

b.      Conjugation is an inflection class of a verb, verb inflection in general.

Example:         walk # ed

                   Go <  went

2.      Word Formation

There are two categorizes of word formation:

a.       Derivational

ü  Is the relationship between lexemes of a word family; a part of morphology that is characterized by relatively concrete morphological meanings, potential semantic irregularity, restrictions on applicability, etc.

ü  1 base and 1 operation.

Example:         act # ive

                   Destroy < destrict  # ion

b.      Compounding

ü  The formation of compounds (a complex lexeme that is made up of more than one lexeme stem).

ü  The process of combining two or more words to form a new word.

ü  1 base (lexeme ) + n base.

Example:         bath # room

 

                  

Bathroom # towel

 

Bathroom towel # designer

	Inflectional	Derivational
Productivity	-ed	-ize
Word-Class	Take > taken = verb	Standard(noun) – ize(verb)
Stress Pattern	Take > taking	Standard – ize – action.
Meaning	-ed = Verb = Past	-ion = commission